We will begin by reviewing the motivation for combining RCTs and NRS motivated by examples in the literature. Following this, we will highlight through theory and simulated examples the potential risks of introducing evidence from NRS. We will conclude with a review of existing methods for the transparent synthesis of RCTs and NRS, including hands-on exercises with example code. These methods will include adjustment of NRS through:

1. Incorporation of expert opinion, including a simple elicitation exercise.
2. Use of observational trials as prior evidence
3. Bayesian hierarchical models

We will subsequently discuss how findings from such studies can be used to support healthcare decision making.

Objectives:

Following this short-course, participants will:

• Understand why the synthesis of RCTs and NRS may be desirable;
• Appreciate the limitations and potential biases involved with combining RCT and NRS ;
• Describe the main approaches for synthesis of RCTs and NRS and the conditions under which each is optimal;
• Have familiarity running and interpreting a synthesis of RCTs and NRS